SQL Server: AVG Function

In this post explains how to use the AVG function in SQL Server (Transact-SQL) with syntax and examples.

Description

In SQL Server (Transact-SQL), the AVG function returns the average value of an expression.

Syntax

The syntax for the AVG function in SQL Server (Transact-SQL) is:

SELECT AVG(aggregate_expression)
FROM tables
[WHERE conditions];

OR the syntax for the AVG function when grouping the results by one or more columns is:

SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n,
       AVG(aggregate_expression)
FROM tables
[WHERE conditions]
GROUP BY expression1, expression2, ... expression_n;

Parameters or Arguments

expression1, expression2, ... expression_n

Expressions that are not encapsulated within the AVG function and must be included in the GROUP BY clause at the end of the SQL statement.

aggregate_expression

This is the column or expression that will be averaged.

tables

The tables that you wish to retrieve records from. There must be at least one table listed in the FROM clause.

WHERE conditions

Optional. These are conditions that must be met for the records to be selected.

Applies To

The AVG function can be used in the following versions of SQL Server (Transact-SQL):

• SQL Server 2017, SQL Server 2016, SQL Server 2014, SQL Server 2012, SQL Server 2008 R2, SQL Server 2008, SQL Server 2005

Example - With Single Field

Let's look at some SQL Server AVG function examples and explore how to use the AVG function in SQL Server (Transact-SQL).

For example, you might wish to know how the average quantity of all products where the quantity is greater than 0.

SELECT AVG(quantity) AS "Average Quantity"
FROM products
WHERE quantity > 0;

In this AVG function example, we've aliased the AVG(quantity) expression as "Average Quantity". As a result, "Average Quantity" will display as the field name when the result set is returned.

Example - Using DISTINCT

You can use the DISTINCT clause within the AVG function. For example, the SQL statement below returns the average salary of unique salary values where the salary is above $40,000 / year.

SELECT AVG(DISTINCT salary) AS "Average Salary"
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 40000;

If there were two salaries of $50,000/year, only one of these values would be used in the AVG function.

Example - Using Formula

The expression contained within the AVG function does not need to be a single field. You could also use a formula. For example, you might want the average commission.

SELECT AVG(order_value * 0.10) AS "Average Commission"
FROM order_details;

Example - Using GROUP BY

You could also use the AVG function to return the name of the department and the average quantity (in the associated department). For example,

SELECT department, AVG(quantity) AS "Average Quantity"
FROM products
GROUP BY department;

Because you have listed one column in your SELECT statement that is not encapsulated in the AVG function, you must use a GROUP BY clause. The department field must, therefore, be listed in the GROUP BY section.