Oracle / PLSQL: CASE Statement

This Oracle tutorial explains how to use the Oracle/PLSQL CASE statement with syntax and examples.

Description

The Oracle/PLSQL CASE statement has the functionality of an IF-THEN-ELSE statement. Starting in Oracle 9i, you can use the CASE statement within a SQL statement.

Syntax

The syntax for the CASE statement in Oracle/PLSQL is:

CASE [ expression ]

   WHEN condition_1 THEN result_1
   WHEN condition_2 THEN result_2
   ...
   WHEN condition_n THEN result_n

   ELSE result

END

Parameters or Arguments

expression

Optional. It is the value that you are comparing to the list of conditions. (ie: condition_1, condition_2, ... condition_n)

condition_1, condition_2, ... condition_n

The conditions that must all be the same datatype. The conditions are evaluated in the order listed. Once a condition is found to be true, the CASE statement will return the result and not evaluate the conditions any further.

result_1, result_2, ... result_n

Results that must all be the same datatype. This is the value returned once a condition is found to be true.

Returns

The CASE statement returns any datatype such as a string, numeric, date, etc. (BUT all results must be the same datatype in the CASE statement.) If all conditions are not the same datatype, an >ORA-00932 error will be returned. If all results are not the same datatype, anORA-00932 error will be returned. If no condition is found to be true, then the CASE statement will return the value in the ELSE clause. If the ELSE clause is omitted and no condition is found to be true, then the CASE statement will return NULL.

Note

• You can have up to 255 comparisons in a CASE statement. Each WHEN ... THEN clause is considered 2 comparisons.

Applies To

The CASE statement can be used in the following versions of Oracle/PLSQL:

• Oracle 12c, Oracle 11g, Oracle 10g, Oracle 9i

Example

The CASE statement can be used in Oracle/PLSQL.

You could use the CASE statement in a SQL statement as follows: (includes the expression clause)

SELECT table_name,
CASE owner
  WHEN 'SYS' THEN 'The owner is SYS'
  WHEN 'SYSTEM' THEN 'The owner is SYSTEM'
  ELSE 'The owner is another value'
END
FROM all_tables;

Or you could write the SQL statement using the CASE statement like this: (omits the expression clause)

SELECT table_name,
CASE
  WHEN owner='SYS' THEN 'The owner is SYS'
  WHEN owner='SYSTEM' THEN 'The owner is SYSTEM'
  ELSE 'The owner is another value'
END
FROM all_tables;

The above two CASE statements are equivalent to the following IF-THEN-ELSE statement:

IF owner = 'SYS' THEN
   result := 'The owner is SYS';

ELSIF owner = 'SYSTEM' THEN
   result := 'The owner is SYSTEM'';

ELSE
   result := 'The owner is another value';

END IF;

The CASE statement will compare each owner value, one by one.

One thing to note is that the ELSE clause within the CASE statement is optional. You could have omitted it. Let's look at the SQL statement above with the ELSE clause omitted.

Your SQL statement would look as follows:

SELECT table_name,
CASE owner
  WHEN 'SYS' THEN 'The owner is SYS'
  WHEN 'SYSTEM' THEN 'The owner is SYSTEM'
END
FROM all_tables;

With the ELSE clause omitted, if no condition was found to be true, the CASE statement would return NULL.

Comparing 2 Conditions

Here is an example that demonstrates how to use the CASE statement to compare different conditions:

SELECT
CASE
  WHEN a < b THEN 'hello'
  WHEN d < e THEN 'goodbye'
END
FROM suppliers;

Frequently Asked Questions

Question: Can you create a CASE statement that evaluates two different fields? I want to return a value based on the combinations in two different fields.

Answer: Yes, below is an example of a case statement that evaluates two different fields.

SELECT supplier_id,
CASE
  WHEN supplier_name = 'CISCO' and supplier_type = 'Hardware' THEN 'North office'
  WHEN supplier_name = 'CISCO' and supplier_type = 'Software' THEN 'South office'
END
FROM suppliers;

So if supplier_name field is CISCO and the supplier_type field is Hardware, then the CASE statement will return North office. If the supplier_name field is CISCO and the supplier_type is Software, the CASE statement will return South office.