SQLite: HAVING Clause

This SQLite post explains how to use the SQLite HAVING clause with syntax and examples.

Description

The SQLite HAVING clause is used in combination with the GROUP BY clause to restrict the groups of returned rows to only those whose the condition is TRUE.

Syntax

The syntax for the HAVING clause in SQLite is:

SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n, 
       aggregate_function (aggregate_expression)
FROM tables
[WHERE conditions]
GROUP BY expression1, expression2, ... expression_n
HAVING condition;

Parameters or Arguments

expression1, expression2, ... expression_n

The expressions that are not encapsulated within an aggregate function and must be included in the GROUP BY clause.

aggregate_function

A function such as sum, count, min, max, or avg functions.

aggregate_expression

This is the column or expression that the aggregate_function will be used on.

tables

The tables that you wish to retrieve records from. There must be at least one table listed in the FROM clause.

WHERE conditions

Optional. These are the conditions for the records to be selected.

HAVING condition

This is a further condition applied only to the aggregated results to restrict the groups of returned rows. Only those groups whose condition evaluates to TRUE will be included in the result set.

Example - Using sum function

Let's look at an example that shows how to use the HAVING clause with the sum function in SQLite.

You could use the sum function to return the department and the total salaries (for that department). The SQLite HAVING clause will filter the results so that only departments with total salaries greater than $10,000 will be returned.

SELECT department, sum(salary) AS "Total salaries"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING sum(salary) > 10000;

Example - Using count function

Let's look at how to use the HAVING clause with the count function in SQLite.

You could use the count function to return the department and the number of employees (for that department) where the state is 'CA'. The SQLite HAVING clause will filter the results so that only departments with more than 20 employees in the state of 'CA' will be returned.

SELECT department, count(*) AS "Number of employees"
FROM employees
WHERE state = 'CA'
GROUP BY department
HAVING COUNT(*) > 20;

Example - Using min function

Let's next look at how to use the HAVING clause with the min function in SQLite.

You could also use the min function to return the name of each department and the minimum salary in the department. The SQLite HAVING clause will return only those departments where the minimum salary is less than $20,000.

SELECT department, min(salary) AS "Lowest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING MIN(salary)  20000;

Example - Using max function

For example, you could also use the max function to return the name of each department and the maximum salary in the department where the employee's favorite_website is 'AODBA.com'. The SQLite HAVING clause will return only those departments whose maximum salary is greater than or equal to $30,000.

SELECT department, max(salary) AS "Highest salary"
FROM employees
WHERE favorite_website = "AODBA.com"
GROUP BY department
HAVING MAX(salary) >= 30000;